The course looks very promising. The professor, Katherine Schiel, is a Shakespeare scholar and in particular researchers the life of Shakespeare’s wife. The course focuses on literature (rather than TV and move adaptations), and the syllabus shows that we will cover eight of Shakespeare’s works, including the sonnets. I was also struck by how much more talkative and friendly the other students in the course are – both in engaging in in-class discussion, and in engaging with me.
These are more general notes; I also notes on each play read that can be found from the “About this site” page.
Introduction [1.1]
The first class was pretty much focuses on policy and logistics. We broke into small groups to introduce one another. My group consisted of Ryan, a Junior and MIS major from Rogers MN, and Trissy (sp?), a freshman and Biology major from St. Paul. I got a recommendation of which Shakespeare editions to purchase — she recommended the Folger editions (the Folger Library in Boston is a apparently a world-class center of Shakespeare scholarship), and have ordered all the books. Most have arrived before I wrote this entry, and I must say I take an irrational pleasure in having a colorful, well-designed set of books on myself, even though some of them are trade paperback, and others are the conventional smaller paperbacks
Life of Shakespeare, 1 [1.2]
The second class focused on Shakespeare and his life. Here are my takeaways:
S lived from 1564 to 1616; he died at 54, both on April 23. He was born and spent his early life in Stratford, a market town 2-days horse-ride (4-days walk) from London.
The following is speculation regarding his education. He was educated by his mother (known to be literate because she was the executor of her father’s will) up to the age of 7. From 7-14 he would have gone to some kind of grammar school in Stratford, where he would have learned Latin and Greek, and been expected to speak Latin at school. At 14 he would have begun 7 years of apprenticeship, but as he married at 18 — not allowed for apprentices — that either did not happen at all or at least did not continue. (It is speculated that his wife encouraged his literary career.) There is no record of S having attended either Oxford or Cambridge.
His father, John, was a glove-maker, but also apparently was involve din illegal wool dealing. His father was also involved in local politics, and became mayor when S was about 5. There is speculation that his father financed S’s partnership in the Globe Theatre. He may have run into financial difficulty by 1592, when S was 28.
His mother, Mary Arden, was from a local family that was of somewhat higher status, and that owned land. As noted, she was literate — the executor of her father’s will — and likely taught S to read, etc., up to his 7th year. . Mary had seven sisters, and so S may have had a lot of older women involved in his life and education. Some of Mary’s distant relatives were arrested for practicing Catholicism, so it is possible she was a Catholic. (England was protestant during S’s life, but Catholic before and after).
Siblings. S had three brothers (Gilbert, Richard and Edmund) and two sisters (Ann and Joan (who died at 8); two other sisters who died in infancy before S was born.
The plague was rampant in both Stratford and London throughout S’s lifetime. In the year of his birth, 25% of the population of Stratford died. At other times, 1 in 12 (1592), and 1 in 5 1603) people died in London.
Shakespeare’s work. 180+ sonnets, 37 plays (per the canon), and 2 long poems. There are debates about other plays that he may have written. This represents an enormous output. In particular, sonnets are very difficult to write, and so producing 180+ is amazing. That Shakespeare lived and wrote is extremely well documented. No serious scholars believe that his plays were written by someone else. If you want to make a big splash as a S scholar, the way to do it is to ‘discover’ that a previously anonymous play was authored by S. About half of S’s plays were printed during his lifetime, and they often would have been read aloud to groups in the custom of the time. S did not receive royalties on published copies. He was famous during his lifetime, but far more famous later.
At the time, plays had to be approved by a “Master of the Revels” to assure their suitability for public presentation. The could be an explanation for why none of S’s plays were set in contemporary London.
Assignment: Shakespeare’s Life
Write a one-paragraph (100-200 words) summary of what you already know about Shakespeare’s life (without looking anything up—just off the top of your head). Then list two questions that you have about Shakespeare’s life story.
What I know:
Shakespeare was born. Shakespeare wrote many plays and sonnets. Many — or all? — of the plays were performed in the Old Globe Theatre in London. Then he died. Of this I am confident.
I am pretty sure Shakespeare lived and wrote during the 17th century. I am pretty sure he was reasonably successful during his lifetime. I don’t know much else about the man and his life.
Two Questions:
I wonder about the trajectory of Shakespeare’s fame. After he died was he forgotten for a while, as, I understand, was true of John Sebastian Bach, or did his reputation live on, gradually growing as the decades passed?
I also wonder about whether, or to what extent, after a play was performed, Shakespeare modified it. Is the evidence that particular plays evolved, perhaps in response to what was well received, or not, by the audience?
Assignment: Globe Theatre Reflection
By 9pm, watch the virtual tour of the Globe Theatre, and submit to the Canvas site a one-paragraph (about 150 words) response explaining what you found interesting or surprising about this space.
I was initially surprised to see it was open to the sky, but then realized that of course realized that lighting would be a big issue — not just expense, but the danger of open flames in a wooden theatre.
It also didn’t seem like there was very much back-stage space (although it was a bit difficult to tell), and wondered how actors and others managed the logistics of costume changing (if they did that), and set changing (if they did that).
It appeared, in a least one of the videos, that a certain amount of activity, and considerable entering and exiting, took place through the audience area. If that’s the case, I wonder how they kept aisles open in what appeared to be an unstructured space for a standing audience.
Assignment: Reflection
“What is the most interesting aspect of S’s life story? What questions do you have?
I am interested to learn that Shakespeare lived during a time when the plague was endemic. Death at time in the lifespan was of course a lot more common prior to 20th C, but the prevalence of the plague must have made the death of friends and acquaintances a very common phenomenon. I wonder how that affected S, and his writing: did it shape what he wrote, or did it get little notice as it would have been the norm throughout his lifetime?
In terms of questions, I’m curious about what the literary/theatrical community was like during Shakespeare’s lifetime. I believe that, a century later, during the life of Johnson, there was a very active literary culture, with gatherings in coffee shops and various salons, as well as a very active publishing scene. Did this have its roots in Shakespeare’s time, or were things different?
Week 2
Summary from last week
W. Shakespeare, 1564-1666 (52), b. & d. April 23. Famous and well-to-do in his lifetime, moreso after. No education beyond local; married at 18, so not apprentice.
Mother: Mary Arden, literate, of landowning family.
Seven Aunts on mothers side
Father: John S–, glove-maker, local politician, engaged in illegal wool trade
Siblings: 2 elder sisters who died soon after birth; 3 brothers (Gilsil, Richard, Edmund) and 2 sisters (Ann, Joan–died at 8).
Wife: Ann Hathaway, probably ran a brewery
Marriage: Ann (26) with William (18). Ann was above avg marrying age, W below.
Eldest daughter Susannah; twins (Judith and Hamlet–Hamnet died at 11); one.
S remained connected to Stratford all his life, investing in property there (second largest house), and traveling back frequently. Ann never lived in London…
[2.1] Life of Shakespeare, 2
1585-1592 (21 – 28): We know nothing of S during this period
xxxx: Buys share in Globe Theatre
1590’s: references to S in London begin appearing….
1597: Purchases second largest house in Stratford
Other
The infamous second best bed in S’s will would have been the marital bed — the bed was reserved for guests…
His plays show extensive knowledge of worklives of sailors, soldiers, lawyers and schoolmasters with private library (most believe he did the latter)
Speculation is that S could have become player/playwright through exposure to traveling troupes of actors that came through Stratford; as Mayor, his father would have handled booking them…
Interlude: On the legal rights of women during S’s time
Information on the legal rights of women in the time of Shakespeare with respect to owning property and inheriting money:
The doctrine of coverture dictated that upon marriage, a woman’s legal identity was subsumed under that of her husband, effectively stripping her of independent legal rights, including the ability to own property. When a woman married, her property would typically become her husband’s. This legal framework meant that married women could not enter into contracts, own property, or manage their financial affairs without their husband’s consent. The only property rights that married women retained were those that they brought into the marriage, which would still be under the control of their husbands.
Inheritance laws during this period favored male heirs, but there were exceptions:
Widows: Women who were widowed had some rights to inherit property. The Magna Carta (1215) provided certain protections for widows, allowing them to retain a portion of their deceased husband’s estate.
Co-heiresses: If a father died without a male heir, his daughters could inherit his estate as co-heiresses, although this often led to complex legal disputes over the division of property.
Testamentary Freedom: Men could bequeath property to their daughters in their wills, which was a way to ensure that women could inherit property, though this was not universally practiced.
Shakespeare’s own family situation reflects these legal norms. His will indicates that he intended for his daughter Susanna to inherit the majority of his estate, which included several properties. This was somewhat unusual for the time, as it was more common for estates to be passed down to male heirs. Shakespeare’s decision to leave his property to Susanna suggests a recognition of her capability to manage it, although she was still bound by the expectations of her gender and the legal constraints of the time.
At the time of his death Shakespeare had two daughters: Susanna, married to the doctor John Hall; and Judith, who had very recently married Thomas Quiney. Susanna was left her father’s real estate, including four buildings in Stratford (New Place, the grand house in which Shakespeare had lived; the Maidenhead Inn; and properties in Henley Street – including his birthplace – as well as various lands) and an ex-monastic gatehouse in the Blackfriars, London. Judith, in contrast, was left money.
Susanna inherited almost all of Shakespeare’s property, exactly as his son would have done. It’s clear that he wanted to keep his lands together as one patrimony, not split it between two daughters. Shakespeare’s aim seems to have been for this to be a temporary transfer of lands through Susanna to her unconceived eldest son, or to any of his potential younger brothers. Susanna had to pass the estate on as her father’s will required: effectively she had a life interest in it. Shakespeare did allow Susanna’s daughter (and only child) Elizabeth to inherit if she had no brothers, and to pass the estate on to her sons. If Elizabeth only had daughters, or had no children, the real estate would instead go to the sons of Shakespeare’s younger daughter Judith; if she had none, it would revert to a more removed male line.
Elizabeth was childless, but lived a long life. The property, acquired with the wealth Shakespeare’s success had produced, remained in her custody until her death in 1670. Then the remains of Shakespeare’s estate went to the grandson of his sister, Joan Hart.
Interlude — Notes on English History vis a vis Shakespeare
The Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453)
Shakespeare’s Edward III, Richard II, Henry IV and Henry V are set during the Hundred Years War
The Hundred Years’ War was a prolonged series of conflicts between England and France, lasting 116 years with intermittent periods of peace. It was primarily fought over claims to the French throne and territorial disputes, significantly influencing the political landscape of medieval Europe. The war strained both nations economically and socially, leading to internal conflicts and shifts in power.
Edward III [1327–1377]: 5o y à Richard II (1377–1399): 22y à Henry IV [1399–1413]:14yàHenry V[1413–1422]: 9y
The war began in 1337 when King Edward III of England asserted his claim to the French throne after the death of the French king Charles IV, who left no male heir. Edward was the closest male relative through his mother, Isabella of France. Edward III achieved significant military victories over France (the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, both of which showcased the effectiveness of English longbowmen). These victories allowed England to gain substantial territories in France and forced the French to negotiate the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360, which temporarily ceded large regions to English control. Edward III never effectively ruled as the King of France, despite his claim and use of the title. His assertion was not recognized by the French nobility or populace, and he did not establish a functioning administration over France.
However, Edward III did not conclusively win the war with France. The Hundred Years’ War continued long after his death.
Under King Charles V, France regained much of the territory lost earlier in the war.
Henry V’s Campaigns: Renewed English offensives, highlighted by the Battle of Agincourt (1415), where Henry V’s outnumbered forces defeated the French. The treaty of Troyes (1420): Recognized Henry V as heir to the French throne and regent of France.
Joan of Arc’s leadership (1429) rallied French forces, leading to significant victories and turning the tide against England. The 100 years war ended in 1453 with the French expelling the English from nearly all their continental possessions except for the port city of Calais, which England held until 1558.
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487): 32 y – Lancaster vs York
Shakespeare’s Henry VI and Richard III are set during the Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses were a series of civil wars fought for control of the English throne between two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet: the House of Lancaster (red rose) and the House of York (white rose). The war ended with Henry VII’s victory and marriage to Elizabeth of York, uniting the feuding houses and bringing relative stability. (The wars decimated the old nobility, leading to changes in governance and the rise of a more centralized monarchy).
Henry VI(1455–1460): 5 years – Initial challenges from the Yorkists
Both York and Lancaster traced their lineage to King Edward III, leading to competing claims after the reign of the mentally unstable King Henry VI (Lancaster). The First Battle of St Albans (1455) marked the beginning of open warfare, with Richard, Duke of York, challenging Henry VI’s authority.
Edward IV (1460–1470): 10 years – Ascendancy of the Yorkists
Battle of Towton (1461): One of the bloodiest battles, resulting in a decisive Yorkist victory and the crowning of Edward IV.
Henry VI briefly restored (1470–1471): 1 year – Lancastrian Revival
Readeption of Henry VI: Brief restoration of Henry VI to the throne through an alliance between former Yorkist supporters and Lancastrians.
Return of Edward IV (1471): 12 years – Solidification of Yorkist control
Battle of Tewkesbury: Edward IV regained control, leading to the death of key Lancastrian heirs and solidifying Yorkist power.
Richard III (1483): 2 years – Upon the death of Edward IV, Richard III usurps thrown from Edward V
Death of Edward IV: His brother, Richard III, seized the throne from his nephew Edward V, leading to controversy and unrest.
Henry VII (1485–1487): 22 years – Rise of the Tudors and the Reformation
Henry Tudor (Henry VII) defeated Richard III in the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485), ending the wars. The Battle of Stoke Field (1487) was the last significant engagement, solidifying Henry VII’s reign. Henry strengthened royal authority, reduced the power of the nobility, and restored financial stability.
Henry VIII and the Tudors (1509 – 1603)
Henry VIII (1509–1547): 36 years – The Reformation
Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church, establishing the Church of England with the king as its head, primarily to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. This lead to the seizaure of church lands and wealth, and their redistribution to loyal supporters.He had six marriages in his quest for a male heir, resulting in three children by different mothers who would each rule: Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I.
Edward VI, 1547–1553: 6 years
Edward made England more protestant, establishing the Book of Common Prayer, but died at 15 leading to a succession crisis.
Mary I (1553–1558): 5 years
She attempted to restore Roman Catholicism, reversing her father’s reforms. She was known as“Bloody Mary” for ordering the execution of Protestant leaders. A marriage to Phillip II of Spain was unpopular and failed to produce an heir.
Elizabeth I (1558–1603): 45 years
Established a moderate Protestant church, the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, aiming for religious stability. The Elizabethan Era saw a renaissance in arts and literature, with figures like William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and the expansion of overseas exploration, with explorers like Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh. The defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) was a significant naval victory that established England as a major sea power.Elizabeth I never married, leaving no direct heir, which led to the end of the Tudor line.
The Stuarts
James I (1603–1625): 22 years.
James VI of Scotland, he became James I of England, uniting the two crowns.
Conflict with Parliament: Believed in the divine right of kings, leading to tensions over finances and authority.
Commissioned the King James Bible in 1611.
Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in North America, was established in 1607.
Gunpowder Plot (1605): Failed Catholic conspiracy to blow up Parliament and assassinate the king.
Charles I (1625–1649): 24 years
Disputes with parliament over taxation, religion, and royal prerogative intensified, and Charles I dissolved Parliament and ruled without it, raising funds through controversial means. Attempts to impose Anglican practices in Scotland led to the Bishops’ Wars. The English Civil War began in 1642 and lasted through the five remaining years of Charles’ reign, at the end of which he was tried and executed for treason.
English Civil War (1642–1651) and interegunum: 9 years + 9 years
Armed conflict between Royalists (Cavaliers) and Parliamentarians (Roundheads) erupted.
The Commonwealth (1649–1653): 4 years – The Commonwealth and Protectorate
England declared a republic governed by the Rump Parliament
Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector (1653–1658): 5 years Established a de facto military dictatorship during the Protectorate period. Enforced strict Puritan moral codes; subdued uprisings in Ireland and Scotland.
Richard Cromwell (1659): 1 year
The son’s weak leadership led to the collapse of the Protectorate.
Charles II (1660–1685): 25 years – Restoration and Late Stuart Period (1660–1685)
Invited back from exile, his reign restored the monarchy and the Church of England. Known as the “Merry Monarch,” his reign saw the reopening of theaters and a flourishing of the arts. This period also saw the Great Plague of London (1665) and the Great Fire of London (1666). Passed the Clarendon Code, enforcing conformity to the Church of England; however, Charles II had Catholic sympathies.
James II (1685–1688): 33 years
His open Catholic faith and attempts to promote Catholics to positions of power alarmed Protestant England.The birth of his son raised fears of a Catholic dynasty. Political and religious leaders invited William of Orange, a Protestant and husband to James’s daughter Mary, to intervene.
William III and Mary II (1689-1694/1701): 12 years – the new order
This marked the beginning of a new constitutional order: the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under William III and Mary II; the supremacy of Parliament over the monarchy; the assurance of Protestant succession; the English Bill of Rights and the Tolerance Act. Also Jacobite rebellions and suppression of Catholics in Scotland and IrelandAnne (1702–1714): 12 years – Unification of England and Scotland
Shakespearean borrowing. Petrucio and Kate is an original plot; Bianca, with her suitors, is not — it is taken from a play called I Suppositi (The Pretenders) a play written by the Italian playwright Ludovico Ariosto in 1509. The plot involving Petrucio and Kate appears to be original to Shakespeare.
Shakespearean Tropes. A father with one or two rebellious daughters is a common situation in Shakespeare’s plays, as the soldier-lover (Petrucio) is a common figure.
Produced Versions. We continued our discussion of the play, amplifying it by viewing 4 different productions of the dialog between Petrucio and Kate. The productions ranged from a traditional production using Elisabethan constumes and settings, to adapations using puppets and exchanging the genders of Petrucio and Kate. I was struck by how different — in tone and meaning — the various productions were, and how effective various devices (playing of a harpsicord, smoking a cigarette) can be. The script can be played as light and comedic or as dark and violent.
I didn’t think that language in the TTotS grabbed me, but upon hearing it performed (and read in class), I came to appreciate it more.
Other: Shrew/Shrewd Etymology
I looked up the etymology of “shrew” and “shrewd.” Both started out as negative terms, and tended to be applied to women. During the 16th and 17th century, the meaning of “shrewd” began to changing, taking on positive connotations of cunning. Shakespeare used “shrewd” in both senses in different plays.
Quotes I Like
Tranio [1.1 39-40] No profit grows where there is no pleasure ta’en In brief, sir, study what you most affect
Petruchio [1.2: 201-214] Why came I hither but to that intent? Think you a little din can daunt mine ears? Have I not in my time heard lions roar? Have I not heard the sea, puffed up with winds, Rage like an angry boar chafed with sweat? Have I not heard great ordnance in the field And heaven’s artillery thunder in the skies? Have I not in a pitched battle heard Loud larums, neighing steeds, and trumpets clang? And do you tell me of a woman’s tongue, That gives not half so great a blow to hear As will a chestnut in a farmer’s fire? Tush, tush, fear boys with bugs!
Petruchio [2.1 139-140] And where two raging fires meet together They do consume the thing that feeds their fury.
Kate [2.1 203-205] Let him who moved you hither, remove you thence.
Petruchio [4.3 177-178] Our purses shall be proud, our garments poor, for tis the mind that makes the body rich.
Theseus is from Greek mythology and a figure of power
Oberon is from Edmund Spencer’s The Fairie Queen.
Titania is from Ovid’s Metamorphosis
The marriage of Oberon and Titania is original to S
The Play of Pirasy
Shakespearean Tropes.
A father with a rebellious daughter
Mischievous gods or spirits that play havoc with mortals
A play within the play
Produced Versions. We did not compare different productions (or that might have happened in the class I missed).
Other
Ben Johnson, a S contemporary, described Shakespeare as never blotting a line
Other Notes: Northrup Frye’s Green World
The “Green World” refers to a natural, often forested setting in literature where characters retreat from the constraints of society. This environment allows for transformation, self-discovery, and the resolution of conflicts that are unmanageable within the confines of the civilized world.
Escape from Society: Characters leave an urban or courtly setting fraught with social rules, conflicts, or injustices.
Natural Environment: The Green World is typically a wild, untamed space—forests, pastoral landscapes, or any setting closely associated with nature.
Liminal — Transformation and Reversal: Traditional roles and social hierarchies are often inverted or suspended, allowing characters to explore different aspects of their identities.
Magical or Supernatural Elements: The setting may include fantastical elements that further facilitate change and resolution.
Resolution of Conflict: The experiences within the Green World lead to personal growth and reconciliation, enabling characters to return to society with new insights.
Other Notes: Quill & Ink and the history of writing
The material culture of writing with a quill and ink: quill needed to be continually sharpened; ink was made by hand, often according to a family formula; page needed to be sanded or dusted to dry the ink. Writing took a lot of effort.
When were various writing implements invented?
Quill and ink was used from 6-19th Century – quill had hollow shaft, enabling it to serve as an ink reservoir. Inks used with quills were typically iron gall inks, made from tannin (gall nuts), iron sulfate, gum arabic, and water, which produced a rich, dark color suitable for writing on parchment and paper.
Metal Nib Dip Pens. Metal nibs began to replace quills in the late 1700s due to their durability and ability to produce a more consistent line; they did not need sharpening. They were mass produced in Birmingham England.
Fountain Pens. In 1827, Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru received a patent for a fountain pen with a barrel as an ink reservoir. In 1880 Leon Waterman improved the design by adding a capillary feed, which regulated ink flow. Early fountain pens used rubber sacs to hold ink, which were compressed to fill and release ink. Later models introduced piston fillers and cartridge systems for easier ink replacement
Ball Point Pens, etc. László Bíró, invented the ball point pen, using a rotating ball bearing to spread quick-drying ink, in the 1930s. These were mass-produced in the 1940’s. Much innovation occurred in the 1960’s, with roller balls, felt tips, and, in the 1980’s, gel pens.
Other: Meter and Rhyme in Shakespeare
Blank Verse: Consists of lines with ten syllables each, following an unstressed-stressed (iambic) pattern. Variations in the meter can reflect a character’s emotional state. For example, a disrupted meter might indicate tension or turmoil; in Hamlet, his soliloquies often contain irregularities in meter, reflecting his inner conflict and feigned or real madness.
Rhymed Couplets. Two consecutive lines that rhyme, often used at the end of a scene or act. Characters who frequently use rhyme, like the fairies in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, are set apart as mystical or otherworldly.
Rhymed verse. In Midsummer Night’s Dream the fairies use rhymed verse, highlighting the contrast between the human and magical realms.
Trochaic tetrameter. The Witches in Macbeth speak in trochaic tetrameter (a stressed-unstressed pattern), creating a haunting rhythm.
Sonnets: The first conversation between Romeo and Juliet forms a perfect sonnet, symbolizing their instant and profound connection.
Prose. Often used by commoners. Or can be used to indicate characters who are feigning madness or in disguise.
Feminine endings in Shakespearean verse refer to lines of iambic pentameter that conclude with an extra unstressed syllable, resulting in an 11-syllable line instead of the regular 10. This technique adds rhythmic variety and can convey subtle nuances in a character’s speech, such as hesitation, complexity of thought, or emotional intensity.
Enjambment: The continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, which can build tension or urgency. Macbeth:
Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation…”
Macbeth’s lines spill over from one to the next, mirroring his disturbed mental state and the blurring of reality and hallucination.
Quotes I Like
Trip away, make no stay Meet me by the break of day. – Oberon, 5.1.438-9 (A Midsummer Night’s Dream)
My legs can keep no pace with my desires –Hermia, 3.2.474 (A Midsummer Night’s Dream)
And as imagination bodies forth The forms of things unknown, the poet’s pen Turns them into shapes and gives to airy nothing A local habitation and a name. – Theseus, 5.1.15-18 (A Midsummer Night’s Dream)
This was one of Shakespeare’s later comedies — it is dated to 1598.
Inspired by Shakespeare’s poetry I’ve tried to turn my hand to verse A few iambic lines a day Though listeners will no doubt curse
Note to Charles re our meeting on Much Ado… If gods allow a bout of wind or flood To ban brave Pip and Chas from east green lawn Then 222 in Groveland’s stout redoubt Is where I’ll turn to seek you out.
Origins, Tropes, Versions
Shakespearean borrowing.
Benedict and Beatrice plot is original
Hero and Claudio is taken from other (multiple) sources. One is the Italian writer Aristo
Shakespearean Tropes.
Again we see the soldier as lover in Cladio and Benedict
Again we see deception. But here deception is deployed for two reasons: As revenge (via Don Juan) to attempt to spoil the marriage between Claudio and Hero; as manipulation (via Don Pedro, et al) to orchestrate a marriage between Benedict and Beatrice.
We see the strong assertive woman in Beatrice, but unlike Kate (in ‘Shrew’) Beatrice is not bitter and angry, perhaps because she is also accepted for who she is, and is not a daughter of any of the principals, but less closely related
Produced Versions
Some of the ways the play has been performed: A Bollywood style; another set in a park in NYC before the 2020 election; 2014 Victorian production; Royal Shakespeare Co. at Stratford, 2022 – afro-futurist production.
Other notes: Cuckolds
Cuckold jokes – runs through this play, and other plays as well.Why is Benedict still telling cuckold jokes at the end of the play, if he and Beatrice have been brought together in a trusting message. Cuckold jokes may release anxiety or reinforce ideas of unfaithful women – Shakespeare did not actually have any cuckolds in his play.
Other Notes: Ghost Characters
Shakespeare’s texts (and ghost characters – characters who appear only in the stage directions.. Ghost characters might occur because of a shortage of boys who could play women. S likes family structures with strong fathers and absent mother figures – to highlight patriarchial power.
Other Notes: Folios, Quartos, and the First Folio
Folio (folded once) – expensive, with leather binding Quarto (folded twice) ==: cheaply printed single editions
TheFirst Folio
A collection of Shakespeare’s plays (all but Pericles), put together by John Heminge and Henry Condell in 1623, 7 years after Shakespeare’s death. There were three other Folios.
Genres: The first Folio sorts the plays into three genres: comedies, romances, and tragedies. We don’t know if Shakespeare used these genres, or if the editors used them. There were around 750 copies printed – only 233 survive today. The most recent one sold for $10 million. Every copy is different, since proofreading occurred as the Folio was printed.
Eighteen of Shakespeare’s plays appear only in the first Folio: MacbethThe Tempest, Julius Caesar, Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Measure for Measure, The Winter’s Tale, King John, Timon of Athens, All’s Well that Ends Well Antony and Cleopatra, Comedy of Errors, Coriolanus, Cymbeline, 1 Henry VI, Henry VIII, The Taming of the Shrew Two, Gentlemen of Verona
Quotes I Like
“I would my horse have the speed of your tongue” –Benedict, 1.1.139
“I have a good eye, uncle; I can see a church in daylight.” – Beatrice, 2.1.80
“It is no great addition to her wit, nor no great argument for her folly.” – Benedict, 2.3.242-244
“Contempt farewell and maiden pride adieu no glory lives behind the backs of such.” – Beatrice, 3.1.115-116
“She would mock me into air…” — Beatrice, 3.1.79
“Shall quips and sentences and these paper bullets of the brain awe a man from the career of his humor.” – Benedict, 3.1.242-244
Runs not this speech like iron through your blood? – Don Pedro, 5.1255
Weeks 7-8: Measure for Measure
This period was extended because class was canceled one day due to her illness, and there were a couple days devoted to mid-term or mid-term prep.
The Duke of Vienna (aka Friar Lodowick) plans to travel abroad, leaving young Angelo as regent, empowered to enforce laws that the Duke has allowed to go fallow. However, the Duke really plans to remain in Vienna, disguised as a Friar, to see how Angelo carries out his duties. Angelo immediately shuts down many of the houses of prostitution, and condemns Claudio, a man who has only erred in having sex after handfasting but before the banns were read, to be executed. This seems extreme and disturbs many: Escalus, a judge; the Provost, who runs the jail; and Lucio, a friend of Claudio and ne’r do well Viennese noble. Lucio seeks out Isabella, Claudio’s sister, who is in the process of joining a convent, to persuade Angelo to be merciful, after protests by Escalus and the Provost fail. Angelo speaks with Isabella, steadfastly refusing, until she asks him to look into his heart and see if has not had similar feelings that led Claudio to his current straits. Angelo wavers, and tells her to return tomorrow. In a soliloquy he reveals that is attracted to her virtue, and wishes to have sex with her. In a second interview he tells her he’ll free Claudio if she’ll sleep with him. She refuses, and he tells her if she does not relent he’ll torture Claudio to death. However, the ‘Friar’ devises a plan. Isabella will accept an assignation with Angelo, but Marianna, Angelo’s rejected fiancé will go, disguised, and sleep with him. After Angelo’s acceptance of the assignation, he sends an order for Claudio’s immediate execution, which the ‘Friar’ is present for, and diverts. Instead, the Provost hides Claudio, and – after improvising a solution to another problem – sends Angelo the head of someone else, disguised to look like Claudio. The ‘Friar’ arranges for the Duke’s return to be announced, and for Isabella and Marianna to accuse Angelo. Angelo is unmasked, and a trial first convicts, and then provides mercy to everyone: Angelo will marry Marianna (after being condemned to death and then reprieved); Claudio is reprieved and will marry Juliet; Lucio is convicted to be whipped for his slander of the Duke, and then to marry Kate Keepdown; and the Duke proposes to Isabella (who says nothing).
Origins, Tropes, Versions
Shakespearean borrowing. In the original sources for this play [???], Claudio is in jail for rape, and Isabella is not a nun. Thus Shakespeare has ‘turned up the dial,’ by making Claudio seem more innocent, and Isabella more holy.
Shakespearean Tropes. xxx
Produced Versions. xxx
Other notes
This rather sordid play was first performed for James I on the day after Christmas.
Next to The Globe is an area owned by the Bishop of Winchester which includes houses of prostitution from which the Bishop got payment; also, the Bishop apparently had his own stable of women referred to as “Winchester Geese.”
The play is appreciated for it’s well-drawn portrait of the psychologically tortured Angelo…
As typical for comedies, this play ends with multiple marriages — but only one of the marriages seems likely to be happy. Is this play pushing the proposition that marriage is punishment?
The Duke can be seen either as weak and conflicted or as Machiavellian; I think the Machiavellian interpretation makes more sense — he deceives everyone, does not hesitate to perform religious duties when he is in disguise as a Friar, and seems to like to see how people behave under extreme conditions when they think they are unobserved.
Isabella’s arguments to Angelo for freeing Claudio are:
One should condemn the sin and not the sinner
Were your positions reversed, Claudio would not execute you
Christ would show mercy
This is cruel and unusual punishment that other’s who’ve acted in the same way (and worse) have not faced
Look into your heart and see if you would not also be guilty of Claudio’s sin — if so, how can you condemn him.
Quotes I Like
Weeks 9&10: Henry V
See separate entry for discussion of the play itself.
Origins, Tropes, Versions
Shakespearean borrowing. This, as with Shakespeare’s other history plays, are based on “Chronicles of English History” by Holinshed (really a compilation by multiple authors, but published under one name.
Shakespearean Tropes. xxx
Produced Versions.
A movie starring Lawrence Olivier in 1944. Motivation speeches were broadcast to British troops during the war
Antic Disposition — a theatre troop that performs Shakespeare in non-traditional spaces like Cathedrals and warehouses — did a version set in a cathedral that served as a WWII hospital.
There was a hip hop version which people either love or hate
2016: The Hollow Crown [this may have been Henry IV… or ???]
Other notes on Henry V
British soldiers were provided with Shakespeare’s plays
Henry IV usurped Richard II’s throne, disrupting the socio-religious order
Shakespeare’s audiences would have known this history very well
Falstaff, one of Shakespeare’s most famous characters, dies in this play; he figures largely in the Henry IV plays. He was not just a sensualist and gormand, but also rejected conventional ideas like honor and honesty. Homer Simpson is a very accurate, modern version of Falstaff.
Henry V is like a Shakespearean bastard. Due to his father’s action, he does not have a legitimate claim to the throne, and he has no control over his own destiny.
Quotes I Like
Now entertain conjecture of a time When creeping murmur and the poring dark Fills the wide vessel of the universe. From camp to camp, through the foul womb of night, The hum of either army stilly sounds, That the fixed sentinels almost receive The secret whispers of each other’s watch. Fire answers fire, and through their paly flames Each battle sees the other’s umbered face;
I will not leave the half-achieved Harfleur Till in her ashes she lie buried. The gates of mercy shall be all shut up, And the fleshed soldier, rough and hard of heart In liberty of bloody hand, shall range With conscience wide as hell, mowing like gras: Your fresh fair virgins and your flow’ring infant What is it then to me if impious war, Arrayed in flames like to the prince of fiends, Do with his smirched complexion all fell feats Enlinked to waste and desolation?
Play with your fancies and in them behold, Upon the hempen tackle, shipboys climbing. Hear the shrill whistle, which doth order give To sounds confused. Behold the threaden sails, Borne with th’ invisible and creeping wind, Draw the huge bottoms through the furrowed sea Breasting the lofty surge. O, do but think You stand upon the rivage and behold A city on th’ inconstant billows dancing…
More Notes on Henry V
This war was part of the 100 years war whereby England tried to gain control over France.
The battle of Agincourt was won against overwhelming numerical odds: the English were outnumbered five to one. However, in actuality, there were circumstances that favored the English:
– the battlefield at Agincourt had recently been ploughed, and it had rained continuously for 2 weeks before;
– the French had heavy armor that hindered and exhausted their soldiers as they tried to cope with the mud and uneven terrain;
– the English had their (new?) long bows, that could shoot 6 arrows a minute up to 400 yards, and caused panic among the horses of the French calvary.
Shakespeare based Henry V on Holinshed’s Chronicles, but he took liberties: One was he made the reaction to the ‘tennis ball’ insult (a real thing) into an in-person scene; according to Holinshed the actual reply was delivered via a letter. Not nearly as rich in dramatic possibilities.
In the play, Shakespeare is peeling away all the personal aspects of Henry: Falstaff is killed off, and his old drinking companions are executed (Bardolph) or fade away into disrepute. The play has a contrasting or dialectical structure: the chorus paints an idealistic picture of righteousness, honor and fervor; the scenes that follow undermine each chorus, by, for example, showing the conniving by the Bishops to provoke the war; the disreputable and dissipated nature of the common soldiers; and the unmasking and punishment of the traitors among the English nobles. This may also be why the play did not end with the victory at Agincourt, and why Katherine is not depicted as welcoming/accepting Henry’s courtship of her. And of course the epilog, where it is noted that Henry V died young, leaving a young son. Shakespeare did not choose to end on a happy note.
Shakespearean borrowing. Like Measure for Measure, Shakespeare takes the core plot of this play from Cinthio’s Heccatommithi. Shakespeare makes a number of changes, presumably for dramatic effect:
In the original the characters, excepting Desdemona, are referred to only by their titles or roles – Shakespeare gives them names.
In the original, Iago was in love with Desdemona — in Shakespeare, this motivation is removed.
In the original, Othello and Desdemona had been married for years — in the play, they are newly married.
Shakespeare is known to have acted in one of Ben Johnson’s plays which had a character called Thorello — some argue this is where the name Othello comes from.
Moors in London
Moor did not necessarily refer to race, though from the descriptions in the play Othello was clearly black.
Not long before this play was written, a Moorish ambassador visited Queen Elizabeth for six months. Shakespeare’s company would have performed before him in court.
There were Moors in London, often in service roles; a number lived on Shakespeare’s street.
Between 1579 – 1642 there were 70 theatre productions with blacks
Shakespearean Tropes. Like Much Ado about Nothing, we have a male character who is extremely anxious about female sexuality and the possibility of being cuckolded.
Produced Versions. We saw a brief outtake of “Othello: The Remix,” produced for the Globe anniversary celebration, which looked like great fun.
Other notes: performance
The second hour of class featured two actors who performed that famous Act 3, scene 1, in which Othello is turned against Desdemona. They then answered questions. Some of the points that came up:
When one is learning the play, you do work to figure out when to breath, and how to manage the intonation of the sentence.
You also think about the scene as a whole, and how to manage its ‘dynamic range.’ For example, in this scene, a big decision is how quickly to escalate.
Other issues are where to stand, how far apart, and when to move and when to touch. This is something directors help with (they rarely get involved with advising an individual actor on how to deliver his or her lines). Where people are positioned on stage has a big impact on the dramatic tension.
The actors talked about the value of reading Shakespeare aloud, and also encouraged the class of largely midwesterners to “use you vowels!”
Like the other plays Macbeth is based on an account from the Holinshead Chronicles (circa 1587).
Macbeth was a real Scottish King (1040-1057) who overthrew King Duncan. However, as usual, Shakespeare made some alterations for the purposes of drama:
The overthrow was not a private plot, but part of a civil war between two clans
King Duncan was an ineffective ruler, not a paragon of honesty, modesty and grace
Macbeth, written 1606-1607, but only first performed in 1611, was the last of Shakespeare’s tragedies. The only source of the play itself is the first folio; without that, it would have been lost. In the opening of the play, the thunder and lightning would have been created with chemicals similar to gunpowder, and created a gunpowder smell — it quite possibly would have brought the gunpowder plot to mind.
Macbeth is currently (circa the early 2020’s) the most popular of Shakespeare’s plays.
The Witches
In Shakespeare’s time
People believed in witches and had a genuine fear of them
King James believed in magic and witches, and was the author of a popular book on demonology
Although men could be witches, being a witch was associated with being a woman, particularly one who was older and unmarried.
The witches were referred to as the wyrd sisters — note that WYRD does not mean “weird, but instead is associated with destiny, fate and also disobedience.
Tomorrow and tomorrow and Tomorrow soliquoy
We analyzed this passage:
She should have died hereafter; There would have been a time for such a word. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, Creeps in this petty pace from day to day, To the last syllable of recorded time; And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.
Rhyme and meter
Should have… would have
Perfect iambic: 2, 4, 6, 9-10 [lines in bold]
Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow
alliteration: day to day… dusty death… out, out… poor player
Time and imagery
Time/speed related words are mostly immediate and local: time creeps; the shadow walks; an hoiur on the stage; day to day; and then is heard no more.
The use of “and” layers the images upon one another, and makes the passage feel ‘slow’
verbs: creeping, walking, strutting, fretting
Images
Time creeps from day to day… —to its last syllable
Candles briefly lighting the fools’ ways to death… —til they go out
The walking shadow…the poor player strutting and fretting on the stage … —then is heard no more
Tale told by an idiot full of sound and fury —signifying nothing
Weeks 13: The Sonnets
A sonnet is
a 14 line poem
with iambic pentameter (5 pairs of -unstressed-stressed syllables)
and a particular rhyming pattern. For Shakespeare: abab cdcd efef gg
The first part of the sonnet poses a question or thesis, and the second part resolves it: Shakespeare’s sonnets are usually 8::6 or 12::2 lines (question ::resolution)
S wrote sonnets throughout his career, between, and sometimes within, plays. In total, there are 182 sonnets: 154 published in 1609; 23 as parts of plays; and 5 others.
Paul Edmonton argues that Shakespeare’s sonnets do not form an overarching narrative. That instead they represent short sequences, pairs, or conversations.
There is a reference to Shakespeare’s sonnets circulating privately among his friends
The dedication to the 1609 book of sonnets is mysterious. It is dedicated to W.H., which may refer to Henry Wriothesle, the third Earl of Southhampton, Shakespeare’s patron and perhaps lover.
The sonnet is one of the oldest forms, dating back to Cicero and Petrarch (1230s) and court of Henry the VIII (Henry Howard and Thomas Wyatt)
There was a vogue for sonnets in the 1590’s when Shakespeare was starting out. Famous examples are Phillip Sidney’s “Astrophel and Stella,” and Edmund Spencer’s “Amoretti” and “Epithalamion”
When reading the sonnets, here are some questions to ask:
Who is the speaker and what are their characteristics; and to whom is it addressed?
What is the problem, question or thesis posed by the sonnet?
What is the resolution?
Where is the division between them? (Look for “But,” “Yet,” “When/Then”)
Look for repeated words and patterns of words
We looked at 18, 20, 73 and 116
#`18: Summer’s Day. Note that the last two lines are composed of monosyllabic words.
#20, the “Master-mistress” sonnet is notable for its 11-syllable (feminine) lines, each line having an ‘added part,’ mirroring the poet’s complaint about nature adding a part to transform the woman it had been creating into a man, and thus denying the author a sexual relationship.
#73:
“When yellow leaves, or none, or few do hang” — note phrase order with “or few” last.
#116: The marriage of true minds.
As I read the sonnets, I find I have mixed felines. I enjoy the phrases and imagery, but find the content overly allusive and exceedingly hyperbolic.
Sonnets or lines thereof I like
And summer’s lease has all to short a date (3.4)
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines (3.5)
And every fair from fair sometime declines (3.7)
Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore< So do our minutes hasten to their end, Each changing place with that which has gone before, In sequent toil all forwards do contend. (60.1-4)
When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang, Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare ruined choirs where the late sweet birds sang (73.2-4)
Let me not to the marriage of true minds, Admit impediments. Love is not love, Which alters when it alteration finds Or bends with the remover to remove. (116.1-4)
My mistress’ eyes are nothing like the sun; Coral is far more red than her lip’s red; If snow be white, then her breasts are dun; If hairs be wires, black wires grow upon her head. I have seen roses damasked, red and white, But no such roses see I in her cheeks, And in some perfumes is there more delight, Than in the breath that from my mistress reeks. I love to hear her speak, yet well I know That music hath a far more pleasing sound I grant I never saw a goddess go, My mistress, when she walks, treads on the ground. And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare, As any she belied with false compare. (130.all)